Regular readers of this sporadic writing have heard me warn of the Achilles heel of Quartz watches- Magnetic fields, along with heat and leaky batteries, but the Mechanical watch has one also.
The staff of the balance in your mechanical watch has pivots that are very small, and they are hardened. They sit in a shock-absorbing assembly designed to protect them, but a good whack can and does shear them right off. 
The most common cause of this type of damage is dropping the watch, but it can also be from striking the watch inadvertently against a door frame, for example.
Now the above describes modern watches, but the older ones were even more fragile. Lacking any type of shock system, they are very likely to be damaged by any kind of shock, and that is why you see so many pocket watches with broken staffs. The shock systems were many and varied, but the one known as Incabloc, invented in 1934 by Georges Braunschweig and Fritz Marti of Universal Escapements Ltd., is nowadays the most common. There were many types of shock systems but they didn't show up right away in watches due to the extra cost. In a lot of brands, you don't see shock systems until the late 40's, and lower end watches still didn't have it in the 50's. 
Shock protection isn't infallible- it is still possible to damage the staff's pivots, but it gives a bit of extra leeway, as the balance can actually be displaced sideways without harm to a certain degree. 
Now many of you may remember the highly entertaining 'Timex Torture Tests of the 60's, and may be wondering why they were so tough, being strapped onto water skis and thrown off bridges and other stunts.
The answer is that the design of the staff doesn't have finely turned pivots, but is a chunky rod with conical ends, that don't really break. This means that shocks will likely destroy the gears before it has any effect on the balance. It also means an increase in friction by a huge magnitude.
This was all ok, because Timexes were designed to be throwaway items, as most were riveted together and not made to be repaired. We've all seen the horrifyingly cheap watches at the checkouts or in the airport junk stores, and these take the throwaway aspect to insane lows- unknown base metals, in some cases Cadmium, and the lowest end components possible. We accumulate hundreds of pounds of these types of watches every year, and they are not recyclable. 
But I digress.
Don't drop your watch or smack it about if you can possibly help it, especially those ultra cool vintage pieces.

​R

Ok, this is going to sound a little odd, but hear me out.
Have you ever heard the expression 'The dirt was holding it together'?
Well, turns out that is almost true in some cases, particularly with clocks.
I run into this quite a lot, a clock hasn't been serviced in many years (99.99% of the time) and sometimes it runs ok, sometimes not. Sometimes it runs quite well, and here I encounter the 'Don't fix it if it ain't broke' kind of thinking. I assure you, this does not apply to a lot of mechanical things, it is better to be proactive and do preventative maintenance.
Clocks are a collection of geared wheels that are basically transmissions. The power from the weight or mainspring is transmitted to the regulating organ, the escapement. In clocks, this can be ancre type escapements like recoil or Graham dead-beat; (There is a dizzying array of clock escapements, some are outright bizarre) but also platform escapements that can be like what you find in watches- a balance wheel with a lever or cylindre escapement (on older clocks). 
The former utilize a pendulum that swings in an arc and is mathematically matched to the gear train to give the correct frequency. If you've ever watched a long case clock pendulum of a meter or so, you might have noticed how slow it is, compared to a small table clock, with a much shorter pendulum, say less than 13 cm.
The gears have pivots on each end of the arbors which pass through the usually brass plates. When no service is done, the oil dries out and dirt accumulates on the movt. Clocks are notoriously non dustproof, and this dust will collect right were you don't want it. ESPECIALLY where  there is oil or dried oil residue. If the movt has been soaked down with oil, the dirt collects everywhere and acts as an abrasive, destroying teeth, pinion leaves, levers, plates, anything that touches or slips during the running of the clock. 
This is why you cannot oil a dirty clock. It mixes with the dirt that is already there and this sludge pools in the oil sinks of the pivots. Additional dust then adds to this. In order to clean this out, you have to fully disassemble the movt, and by doing this, you are well into overhaul territory. This is where the clockmaker encounters wear and tear, and while the clock is apart is the best time to address this, obviously.
After many years (some clocks will run for 50 years unchecked) the residue of dried up grease and oil and dirt can harden into something that looks and acts almost like stone. I kid you not. I have chipped this away from plates many times. 
Corrosion also occurs, depending on the atmosphere around the clock, smoke being the number one destroyer of mechanisms. (Clocks from places where smoking was excessive are almost always wrecked) Excessive humidity is also bad, and there was an old myth about putting a jar of kerosene or something in the bottom of a long clock case to supposedly mitigate this.
Do not do this.
The vapour does indeed get around, and it sticks to the mechanism, and will form a sticky film. 
Oil or sticky films with dirt on the teeth of brass wheels will destroy them quickly, so you do not want this. Oil belongs in oil sinks, period. And sparingly at that. (the little dish shaped indentations around the pivot holes in the plate)
When a clock gets dirty and is run for many years, say decades, the dirt and corrosion and oxidization and dried up oil residue will begin to limit what is called the endshake of the wheels. Normally the wheels are free to move slightly laterally as well as turn on their axes. Endshake is absolutely critical, but you don't want too much or too little. Too little and the train is really tight and friction will overcome the force trying to run the clock. Too much and the movement is sloppy, and in wristwatches and pocket watches, endshake is finely adjusted in chronometers to make for a really good delta in positions, which is to say, the watch will run within a very tight tolerance, no matter what its orientation in space. Up, down, sideways, you get the idea.
Generally, clocks don't move, (Carriage clocks were designed to be carried) but if dirt starts to limit the endshake, and the clock is dirty, the engagement of the wheel teeth with their adjoining pinions is kept to a narrow space, and deep ruts will be carved into the steel of the pinions. The teeth may also suffer significant wear.
When the clock is all cleaned up and endshake is restored, the wheels are freer, but will encounter the ridges of the ruts and this will interfere with the running of the clock. This is why a dirty clock will sometimes be seen to run fairly well, and if the clock is overhauled it may suddenly seem to run less well. Usually the pinions are so worn that they now cause trouble.
So what does the clockmaker do about this?
Basically, the leaves of the pinions must now be careful stoned or ground to eliminate the ridges of the ruts chewed into them over many years. This involves removing a small amount of metal, and the pinion leaf must then be polished. Preservation of the shape of the leaves is also important. 
Each pinion will have 7 or more leaves, and there will be 4-6 wheels in each train, each with its own pinion. A Chiming clock has three trains, a Striking clock has two. A single train will be found in a Time-only clock like a regulator. Each leaf will be carefully repaired and then polished. Hopefully at the end of this procedure, the pinion is still within tolerance. If not, it must be replaced, and that can be.......expensive. This means that individual pinions must be cut, and this is a specialized service that is very hard to come by. On cheaper clocks with lantern pinions, (instead of leaves, the pinion has hardened wires like staves) the wires can be replaced. One by one, and this is quite tedious as we are working with blue rod and cutting and stoning the ends.....*
Lots of work, and takes lots of time to do it. 
So what do we want to do?
Why, 'Prevent the clock from getting so messed up!' I hear you say.
Why yes, that is what we want.
There will be a quiz next week.........

*If a lantern pinion fails, that means one of the staves has worn completely through and the clock will suddenly release all its energy, shearing off teeth, bending very thick steel arbors, and basically tearing itself apart. In cases like this, the clockmaker may recommend defenestration or dropping the clock into the canal. 

I've had some questions recently regarding the operation of an automatic watch. This technology goes back to the 20's, but a self winding pocket watch was made by Breguet in 1777, the same year a similar watch was claimed by Perrelet. Further claims were made by other watchmakers of the time, not the least Le Roy, but I'm not going to delve into that here, it is a hotly contested thing, being able to say you were first. Breguet still exists as a company, as does Perrelet.
An automatic watch utilizes a weight which moves with the motion of the wearer, and was at first a pendule type, followed by various designs that included 'wig-wag' wristwatches as well as 'Bumper' type weight systems.
The most common today is the rotor, or oscillating weight type. Not all automatics are created equal, I could fill pages with the history of the variations, but for the purpose of the blog, I'm just going to describe what happens inside your modern automatic watch, especially when you bring it in for service.
Generally, during a full service or CTR, the mainspring is one of those parts that gets replaced as a rule, regardless of its appearance. (For the purposes of this blog, I am talking about modern automatic watches here, which means mid 20c to present)
As I have pointed out elsewhere, overwinding is a myth, you wind your watch until it stops, if it is a manual wind. For an automatic, the motion of the wearer and subsequently the rotor inside, is what winds the mainspring. At some point, the watch is fully wound, so now what?
Adrien Philippe (of Patek Philippe) developed a mainspring with a slipping bridle. This end is not attached to the wall of the barrel as it is with manual wind watches, it slips on the wall of the barrel against a film of braking grease.
If the wearer is so active as to make the watch wind itself completely, the spring will slip, so that no damage is done to the mechanism. These springs are usually described in watch literature as 'unbreakable', but they do break occasionally. Usually the bridle end breaks off, but sometimes the spring will break right near the centre, at the winding arbor. 
So you wear your watch, the rotor spins around, and the watch winds itself. Green technology at its finest, no batteries or capacitors to worry about. 
The automatic mainspring looks like an 'S' shape when it is uncoiled, and is a very specially engineered spring. The outer coils are curved the opposite way of the centre, placing extra friction agains the barrel wall via the bridle. 
There are no fewer than 3 different types of lubrication in the barrel of a watch, and each does its job to mitigate friction. The barrel itself is smaller than a dime in most men's watches, even smaller in ladies watches. 
So that's it- your watch gets the full treatment and the spring is now brand new, ready to keep on powering the movement. A well cared for watch can last hundreds of years. Here is the spring uncoiled, next to the arbor around which it is wound:

​

I get asked from time to time about counterfeit watches. These are really no different than counterfeit shoes, clothing, sunglasses, etc. There are some really awful counterfeits out there but there are also some that are surprisingly good quality.
I'm not going to get into any kind of judgement here, if you buy one of these knowingly, depending on what you paid for it, you might not want to cross an international border with it.
Horror stories abound.
The guy who paid 5 grand for a fake Rolex Submariner, or the lady I met in Calgary who had a solid gold Rolex that was an undetected fake for 40 years.
Rolex is not the only brand that gets faked, but it is at the top of the list. I've seen fake Seiko Tunas and Apocalypse models, but also perfectly pedestrian ones.
Sometimes I just wonder......Why?
I'd expect to see High end Seikos getting faked, but so far I have yet to encounter one. For those that may not follow Seiko that closely, you can pay over Fifty Grand for one, so they aren't just that cheap watch brand everyone knows.
The long and the short of it is, know your seller. There are a lot of fake goods online, and if the price seems too good to be true, it probably is. A Qualified watchmaker can often determine the authenticity of your watch. There are exceptions. The most common faked watches are easy to spot, but I've seen Cartier and Breitling watches that were not easily verifiable. Basically this is because these companies have models that use fairly common movements, and a highly decorated (chronometer grade) ETA with (fake) Cartier engraving looks just like a Cartier- produced highly decorated ETA with genuine Cartier engraving. Ditto with Breitling. Put either of these into a quality Stainless case with a good looking dial, and you have a high quality fake.
Keep in mind a lot of these authentic high end watches have cases and bracelets made in China.
Yeah, you heard that right.
Beginning in the late fifties, a lot of Swiss companies used cases made in China and Hong Kong. This takes advantage of the definition of 'Swiss made.' At present the term means that the watch has a Swiss movement, which was cased in Switzerland, and Final Inspection in Switzerland. The case, bracelet, crystal, etc. can be made anywhere else and often are. Very few watches are entirely Swiss made, Rolex comes the closest, with their own Gold foundry on site. Patek is another.
However, (and this is where it gets interesting) the sheer number of fakes and the public awareness of them contributes to the opposite sometimes happening. 
I was at a Cash Converters where the owner was telling me one of his junior staff took in a 'fake Rolex', gave the guy 20 bucks for it, and put it in the showcase for $100.
Aaaand- of course this time it was an authentic, 18k gold Rolex, and it was purchased a few hours later. This all happened while the boss was away, and no one would have been the wiser, except that the guy who bought the watch came back a few days later with an appraisal in his hand.
He basically waved this at the hapless store owner, and mocked him for having sold him a $20,000 watch for $100.
I don't know why he thought this was necessary, but lesson learned, suffice to say.
Pawn shops are a whole other world, you could probably make a tv show out of one..........

​R

--Just an update here. Recently a very experienced customer told me he sent a watch in to Rolex service to get it regulated, as it was running a tad fast. (Rolex Canada in Toronto, @50 St. Clair Ave W.)
Well it turns out the watch was a fake. I had a look at it after it was returned, and although great lengths were taken to make the movement look like a Rolex movement, the fit and finish was suspect, and the balance bridge was fake, not to mention the movement was not free sprung.
Cosmetically it was very good, and came with box and papers, all fake. The papers were made out with the name of a legitimate (and well known) Rolex dealer, but said dealer had nothing to do with this watch, I should add. Now I say I have never met a fake I didn't spot, but that means I looked inside. That is where the truth invariably lies. Exteriors are getting so good they are almost indistinguishable. Metallurgically they are usually different, especially in the case of Rolex's special steel alloy. 
I'd like to note here that Rolex service Toronto did a full examination of the watch and returned it to the customer. He reports that the level of customer service was excellent, and at no time did he feel that they were dismissing or talking down to him because of this. They spoke with him directly and explained all the salient points of the identification, which I am not going to get into here, so Kudos to Rolex Toronto, your customer is happy and well informed. (For anyone wondering, it looks like the customer will in all likelihood get his money back.)

​R

--And for those wondering where the watch was purchased, it was NOT from an A.D., but a very popular auction site. Nuff said? 

R

This is a question I get a lot, so for those that have wondered about this you probably have correctly assumed it has to do with the alloy.
Pure gold is soft and is not used in modern jewellery, so what we usually see are alloys containing Silver, Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Palladium, and in the case of Green gold, Cadmium. Cadmium is toxic and is no longer used, but Rose gold contains Copper, and White gold has Silver added to it. White gold also often has Rhodium plating, so you aren't even seeing the lustre of the underlying metal.
As an alloy, the metal is susceptible to reaction with environmental pollutants and off gassed chemicals from the fabric lining of the jewellery box, the glue, the wood, and any plastic. 
So this is why you open your jewellery box or watch box after many months and everything is starting to look tarnished and dull.
​

Just a word of caution about watch winders.
The reason these are sold and used, is to keep an automatic watch fully wound when it is not being worn. A lot of mechanical watch aficionados have more than one auto, whether vintage or modern, and it is just more convenient to put the watch on without having to start it up, set the date and time, etc. Especially on vintage watches that do not have quick set date functions. 
Makes sense.
However, there has been increasing evidence to support the theory that watch winders can harm your watch.
There is even a warning inside the instruction pamphlet to this effect. If you set the winder at too great a rate, the watch will be wound to full, and then the slipping bridle of the automatic mainspring will slip.
If this continues hour after hour, it causes excessive wear to the mainspring and the barrel walls. This may not be an issue immediately for a new watch, but for a vintage timepiece that already has many miles on it, it can cause hiccups. And almost right away at that.
It is critical to set the winder according to the needs of the watch.
If your watch is a type that winds in both directions, you need to set the winder accordingly. In general, these watches are more efficient in the winding department, so they don't need as many rpm. Ideally, you want the winder to fluctuate direction in this case. The Winder Manual should have guidelines to help you.
In the case of a unidirectional winding watch, like the ETA 7750, only one direction is needed on the winder, but needless to say, you need to know which direction that is. The 7750 winds clockwise when viewed from the back, so that means counterclockwise when viewed from the front. This also means that the winder, when viewed from the front, needs to go against the rotor winding direction, which would mean clockwise. Clockwise from the front is the opposite of clockwise from the back.
​Capiche?
Micro rotor watches are often less efficient in the winding department, depending on the make and model. This must also be taken into consideration when setting your winder. 
This is the only time that the term 'overwinding' has any meaning. There is no such thing as being 'overwound', but to subject an automatic winding system to excessive or constant motion will slip the mainspring constantly, causing wear. When the mainspring or barrel gets worn in an automatic, it results in 'Mainspring Creep' and will shorten power reserve and the watch may even fail to wind and maintain power properly. In a manual wind watch, you can tell when the watch is wound because the crown won't turn anymore. 
This brings me back to something I say often to my vintage watch customers. 
Vintage watches are elderly, and deserve some extra respect and careful handling. Watch winders can and will mess them up.
I consulted with a wide range of watchmakers in many areas of the Industry on this subject, and more and more this is being seen as a definite issue, especially for older watches. 
​

I'll make this one short and sweet.
I've touched on this before, and those visitors to my shop will have heard me say this repeatedly also.
OVERWINDING IS A MYTH.
Your watch or clock cannot be overwound. If it will not run when it is fully wound up, that is an indicator of something seriously amiss. Extreme wear and tear, lack of lubrication, crud,  magnetisation, and about 200 other things will stop a mechanical watch or clock. 
Overwinding is not one of these. 
As you were.

​R

So you've heard me rant about showering with your watch on, so I won't repeat any of that here, but I wanted to share with you the official line about water, direct from Breitling.

The Breitling Service Centre recommends that IF your watch is in regular contact with water, either by swimming or boating or what have you, it SHOULD have its gaskets replaced every one to two years. Hot water will VOID the warranty. It does NOT recommend showering with your watch for the same reasons I have noted elsewhere in this Blog. Hot tubs doubly so. 
The service Interval is 4-6 years, and at time of Press is $760 Canadian Dollars, for an Automatic Chronograph. 
​

I've been getting asked this a lot lately, so here it is....
In this 21st century world of instant gratification, tech hacks, life hacks, shortcuts and DIY, let me present:
Watchmaking.
A quaint old trade, you might think. Must be almost dead, like blacksmithing.
Absolutely not.
Millions and millions of mechanical watches are produced every year, and watchmakers service them. That's how it works, and it has been like this for a very long time. (Numbers have varied, obviously)
I do not share the view that phones and tech replace the watch. Or the clock, for that matter. Sure, I can set my phone to wake me up or look at it to see what time it is, but that means it's handy enough to just grab and look. (Which in my case, it isn't. I no longer carry my phone in my pocket after seeing what it did to a solid metal Rolex movement. See the cell phone blog post)
As long as it's charged up and all, and this goes for the Apple watch also.
Now I'm no Luddite, but I certainly do admire the craftsmanship of antiques and well made mechanical devices, like watches. My automatic chronometer on my wrist tells me what time it is, and I don't have to wind it. I take it off at night and put it on in the morning, pretty simple, pretty green tech.
Vintage watches, which we specialize in, require proper care and maintenance, more so usually because they almost always end up in front of me after decades of neglect. 
I need to stress this, there is no shortcut to this, no hack. The procedures in watchmaking are time consuming, and skill heavy. You can't 'just oil' or 'just clean' a watch. The full service for a mechanical watch is called a 'CTR' in the trade. I've seen watch movements that are 'dipped' or rinsed with various solvents and the result is either destruction of the watch or various other problems. 
The watch MUST be completely disassembled to properly clean it, and once you are at this point, you are deeply into a full CTR. Repair or replacement of parts, lubrication and regulation follow, and the case is cleaned also, usually polished. Bracelets are re-conditioned and leather bands replaced if necessary. 
I remember a Flea Market I used to go to every weekend, and there was a guy there selling vintage watches, claiming that they were serviced by 'his guy'. I asked him a few times what this service entailed, but he obviously did not know.
So one weekend I bought an Omega Seamaster from him, which he swore up and down was fully serviced and guaranteed. I took it home and looked inside.
Guess what?
It was filthy.
It was swimming in oil, and had rust issues under the dial. It had most certainly NOT been serviced in any way shape or form, in fact, only the balance side had been lubed at all, so half the watch was not lubed. There was oil everywhere it did not belong, and very little where it did. I did a CTR on the watch and took it back the following week to show the guy in the market.
He was not a bit impressed with my Smart- Assery, to say the least. He suspected I was trying to shake him down or something, but I insisted that I did not want my money back, I just wanted him to know that he was not getting value for his money. He told me the 'guy' knew what he was doing, and only charged him $40.
So you get what you pay for. We argued for a bit, and I agreed that to service every old watch would certainly cut into any profits he was making. 
Plus, it was quick.
Of that I have no doubt. Open the case, put some oil in the jewels that were visible and close the case, maybe regulate it a bit.
But what I am getting at here, is that quality takes time, and you can't hack watchmaking, you just can't. There are no shortcuts, especially in the learning part of the trade. If you don't fully understand what you are doing you are unlikely to do it well. There is school, and then apprenticing. The days of having a Master, where you just walked in and 'picked up' the trade with no schooling are long gone. 
I have a sign that I have been meaning to put back up in the shop, it is something I have kept since my gun smithing days:

FAST   CHEAP   GOOD

Pick two, invert* the third.

​R

*use the antonym, not turn the word upside down...Is there a verb meaning 'to antonym?' Antonymize?

Ah, the joys of owning a vintage timepiece, be it a watch or a clock. Maybe it belonged to your Grand Dad or your Great Great Grandmother. You remember it from your youth perhaps, you might even see it in old Black and White photographs, even tin- types. 
Just a word of caution in our hectic and hurly-burly world:
Vintage watches and clocks are elderly, and deserve some extra care and respect. In particular, because you might be carrying it on your wrist or in your pocket a lot, watches are the subject of today's missive. 
I've mentioned it before, but it bears mentioning often: Old watches, either wrist or pocket, are probably NOT water resistant in any way shape or form. Even if they were rated at some time in their past, or carry the wildly misleading imprint of "WaterProof", chances are they are no longer any such thing. Old wristwatches, in particular may not even be dust proof. Likewise they may not have any kind of shock protection. Now, take this with a bit of common sense, if your watch is a dive type and has some gaskets and a rating of some kind, these you might not worry as much about as say, a vintage Tank watch from the late thirties or forties. Military watches from the same period might be more robust, but not always. With this in mind, here's a few do's and don'ts for your vintage watch:

• Don't drop it! Always put your wristwatch on over your nice soft bed or over something soft in case you let go of it while you are fiddling with the clasp or band.
• Don't take it off in the washroom and set it on the counter while you wash your hands or even worse, run a shower. Your watch is all nice and warm from being worn, and is now cooling. Old cases will now begin to suck ambient air into themselves as they cool, and you are filling that ambient air with moisture. Keep them well away from the sink, especially the older types. Watches with screw down crowns should be ok, I'm talking the watches from the teens through the sixties unless they have some form of water resistance and it has been verified. 
• The same thing goes for being out in the rain, keep your wrist covered.
• Magnetism is everywhere these days, keep your watch away from magnetic fields and don't put them on the desk next to a cell phone. Cell phones kick out a field that will easily magnetize a vintage watch. 
• Don't work on your stripping your boat's hull or jackhammer your driveway while wearing your heirloom. We have actually had issues with this....
• Don't let the watch get overly hot, like on the dash of a hot car or in direct sunlight on a hot day while you catch some rays. Black dialled watches doubly so. (This also applies to modern Quartz watches big time)
• Even if your watch has a water resistant rating, and even if it HAS been pressure tested and passed, do NOT immerse it in hot water a la Hot Tub or hot shower. Heat shrinks gaskets, see where I'm going here? Hot water voids most (if not ALL) warranties. In order to maintain your watch's depth rating (If it has one) you must replace the gaskets every one or two years, if the watch is getting wet on a regular basis. Otherwise, the gaskets should be changed during your 4-6 year CTR.
• If your watch does get wet, and it shows signs of moisture in the case like fog on the crystal, it is a good idea to get it to a watchmaker STAT. Rust happens very quickly inside a watch. This also applies to quartz watches.

So that's it, really. Don't bang it into the door jamb if you can help it, watch out for magnetism and water, and be proud you are the caretaker of that time capsule from the past!

​R